First Impressions :: essays research papers

     I can recall the first occasion when that I’ve at any point met a white individual previously. My first time was in 6th grade when I went to Academy school in Glastonbury. Sure I’d seen them in motion pictures, at the stores, and possibly I had a white instructor, yet the first run through I’d ever cooperated with a white individual was that year.      I was an extraordinary understudy at that point. Excessively savvy for my evaluation they said. My English educator in fifth grade, Mrs. Wimberly, revealed to me I expected to escape the Hartford Public School framework. She recommended to my mom that I evaluate a program called Project Concern. This was a program that brought downtown youth out into rural schools in order to give equivalent open doors for instruction.      My mother applied to this and was educated before the finish of my fifth grade school year that I was acknowledged and would be going to class in Glastonbury. Glastonbury!? Where the hell was that? I didn’t even realize such a spot existed in my little minimal world. The farthest I’d ever been was East Hartford or perhaps the Westfarms shopping center, and I just observed those as augmentations of Hartford. I was somewhat stressed with respect to what this experience would have been similar to.      I told everybody at Annie Fisher, my grade school in Hartford, the news at the lunch table one day. While opening up my lunch from those plastic cases, and opening my container of low-fat milk I broke the news. A portion of the young ladies at the table started to state, â€Å"Oh we’re going to miss you Chancellor!† Then the folks tolled in. My one companion, Barry, educated me that I was heading off to a for the most part white school just he put it in different terms, â€Å"Ha ha, you’re going to be going to class with a lot of crackers!† I’d never heard the term, however another child tolled in through pieces of his dry salami sandwich, â€Å"You’re setting off to a white school!?†      I was somewhat confounded. What was this? I was never advised I’d be going to class with white individuals. I’d never in conversed with a white individual previously. They appear to be some theoretical, distant thought that I couldn't yet appreciate. I started to get apprehensive sitting at that lunch table, with my feet adhering to the dried juice on the floor. I asked them, â€Å"What would they say they resemble?

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What makes a woman beautiful Free Essays

Regardless of the development of woman's rights, ladies in present day society are still observed as an object of magnificence as opposed to given the regard of a human with feelings. As appearance Is viewed as a significant quality in the public arena today, ladies are put compelled to be genuinely engaging the two guys and females. Ladies viewed as ‘hot’ are commonly those with a high sex-advance or dazzling physical appearance though being excellent Is a brilliant trademark not simply dependent on one’s qualities. We will compose a custom exposition test on What makes a lady wonderful or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now Additionally, a tasteless or impolite character may supersede any physical intrigue a lady may have. In like manner, a gave, enthusiastic and conscious character can make up for the absence of ‘perfect’ highlights of a lady. Be that as it may, individuals see excellence distinctively and totally depends on their individual advantages. The physical appearance of a ‘hot’ lady and the character of a ‘beautiful’ lady can’t be thought about. As per men, having huge bosoms, a shining face and skin, room eyes, lean and provocative legs and a conditioned figure are among the physical qualities of an alluring lady . In this way, for all intents and purposes any lady can become ‘hot’ essentially by extraordinary weight control plans, Intense exercise and plastic medical procedure. Thus, ladies center around these ‘Important’ properties and overlook Inner magnificence. Inward excellence, hard to acknowledge with looks alone, Is the thing that associates with individuals and Is alluded to as that unique something’. Being excellent Is the manner in which a lady strolls, talks and presents herself to other people. A few men think having enthusiasm and having the option to get energized over specific things, having the certainty to not owe her looks to anybody, not wanting to battle for consideration and being unassuming and baffling is alluring. Insight of having the option to sensibly express her real thoughts, have self-assurance, be ardent and not pine for the endorsement of others can be viewed as lovely. In this way, being wonderful is substantially more than a shallow quality, increasingly like a one of a kind quality to few. As per the urban Dictionary, being delightful isn’t constrained to the physical highlights of a lady rather her character characteristics and the manner in which she acts around others. Delightful Is a lady who has an unmistakable character, one who can chuckle at anything, Including themselves, who Is particularly kind and minding to other people. She Is a lady who regardless of anything else knows the benefit of having a ton of fun, and not paying attention to life o. She is a lady that you can trust and rely on to light up your day. As the urban Dictionary is composed by customary individuals, instead of language experts, the importance is applicable to society. Along these lines, it demonstrates society accepts that excellence is a character trademark as opposed to a physical property. Individuals Magazine’s ‘sass’s 10 most beautiful’ magnificence isn’t restricted to physical components. On-screen character Gabrielle Union, who is among the 10 generally delightful, thinks being excellent comprises of a well disposed character. Not surprisingly, the rundown comprises of predominately stresses and models, and the entirety of the ladies are truly engaging. In any case, each lady on the rundown accepts that certainty and Individuality Is the way to excellence. They center around themselves, their wellbeing and prosperity and their certainty to guarantee they are upbeat, which likewise adds to their ‘perfect’ physical appearance. These ladies are amazingly lucky in the perspective they have dazzling physical highlights characters are the reason they are considered in the rundown. Be that as it may, the ladies referenced in People Magazine’s ‘sass’s 10 most beautiful’ are truly alluring just as having engaging characters. The magazine hypothesizes having not too bad looks is expected to uncover ones delightful character. The way that physical appearance is profoundly respected in current society implies a lady is constrained into rage eats less and odd skin medicines to turn out to be sensibly appealing. Subsequently, ladies appear to require a level of physical engaging quality or be to some degree ‘hot’ so their character can be seen and they would then be able to be viewed as wonderful. Most accept ‘beauty is according to the beholder’ and is characterized diversely to every individual. Everybody has an alternate understanding of the significance of excellence, regardless of whether it’s just physical or thunderously based or a blend of both. Some accept that first appearances are significant yet not generally basic. A physical credit may prompt beginning connection however the woman’s character will keep up the consideration of others. A lady with self-assurance and the capacity to normally pull in the focal point of everyone around her. She isn’t narrow minded and has the enthusiasm to seek after her objectives and aspirations. Unquestionably physical properties are wanted yet an excellent character is more appealing than polished hair or enhanced with Photoshop cosmetics. Ladies who have sparkling hair, faultless skin, picture-reflect make-up and a gleaming tan may have a uninteresting, repulsive or disagreeable character which overwhelms their alluring appearance. Albeit, a lady who doesn’t pursue the consideration of others and has genuine self-assurance and regard may turn out to be increasingly an alluring character over the long haul. Subsequently, physical magnificence gets unimportant to guys if the character of a lady apparently is appalling. Notwithstanding, a lady may require rather great looks in any case her ‘beautiful’ character may not be perceived and acknowledged. Taking everything into account, individuals see excellence distinctively which can cause everybody to appear ‘beautiful’. Step by step instructions to refer to What makes a lady wonderful, Papers

Part Five Chapter VII

XII Mostly down his parcel of Rolos, Robbie turned out to be incredibly parched. Krystal had not gotten him a beverage. He moved off the seat and squatted down in the warm grass, where he could even now observe her layout in the brambles with the outsider. Sooner or later, he mixed down the bank towards them. †M parched,' he whimpered. ‘Robbie, receive in return!' shouted Krystal. ‘Go a' sit on the seat!' ‘Wanna drink!' ‘Fuckin' †go a' wai' by the seat, an' I'll gerra drink in a moment! Go ‘way, Robbie!' Crying, he moved back up the dangerous bank to the seat. He was acquainted with not being given what he needed, and insubordinate by propensity, in light of the fact that adults were self-assertive in their fury and their principles, so he had figured out how to hold onto his modest delights any place and at whatever point he could. Irate at Krystal, he meandered a little route from the seat along the street. A man in shades was strolling along the asphalt towards him. (Gavin had overlooked where he had left the vehicle. He had walked out of Mary's and strolled straight down Church Row, just understanding that he was going off course when he drew level with Miles and Samantha's home. Not having any desire to pass the Fairbrothers' once more, he had returned a winding course to the extension. He saw the kid, chocolate-recolored, sick kempt and unappealing, and strolled past, with his satisfaction shredded, half wishing that he could have gone to Kay's home and been quietly supported †¦ she had consistently been most delightful to him when he was hopeless, it was what had pulled in him to her in any case.) The hurrying of the stream expanded Robbie's thirst. He cried more as he altered course and headed away from the extension, back past where Krystal was covered up. The hedges had begun shaking. He strolled on, needing a beverage, at that point saw a gap in a long fence on the left of the street. At the point when he drew level, he detected a playing field past. Robbie wriggled through the gap and thought about the wide green space with its spreading chestnut tree and goal lines. Robbie comprehended what they were, on the grounds that his cousin Dane had told him the best way to kick a football at the play park. He had never observed so much greenness. A lady came striding over the field, with her arms collapsed and her head bowed. (Samantha had been strolling indiscriminately, strolling and strolling, anyplace as long as it was not even close to Church Row. She had been asking herself numerous inquiries and thinking of scarcely any answers; and one of the inquiries she posed to herself was whether she probably won't have gone excessively far in educating Miles regarding that moronic, inebriated letter, which she had conveyed of dislike, and which appeared to be considerably less smart now †¦ She looked up and her eyes met Robbie's. Youngsters frequently wriggled through the opening in the fence to play in the field at ends of the week. Her own young ladies had done it when they were more youthful. She moved over the door and got some distance from the waterway towards the Square. Self-disturb clung to her, regardless of how diligently she attempted to beat it.) Robbie revisited the gap in the support and strolled a little path along the street after the striding woman, yet she was before long far out. The half-bundle of remaining Rolos were softening in his grasp, and he would not like to put them down, however he was so parched. Possibly Krystal had wrapped up. He meandered back the other way. At the point when he arrived at the primary fix of brambles on the bank, he saw that they were not moving, so he thought it was OK to approach. ‘Krystal,' he said. Be that as it may, the shrubberies were unfilled. Krystal was gone. Robbie began to cry and yell for Krystal. He climbed back up the bank and gazed uncontrollably upward and not far off, however there was no indication of her. ‘Krystal!' he hollered. A lady with short silver hair looked at him, grimacing, as she jogged energetically along the contrary asphalt. Shirley had left Lexie at the Copper Kettle, where she appeared to be upbeat, yet a short route over the Square she had gotten a brief look at Samantha, who was the absolute last individual she needed to meet, so she had taken off the other way. The kid's howls and cackles reverberated behind her as she rushed along. Shirley's clench hand was grasped firmly around the EpiPen in her pocket. She would not be a messy joke. She needed to be unadulterated and felt sorry for, similar to Mary Fairbrother. Her wrath was so huge, so perilous, that she was unable to think lucidly: she needed to act, to rebuff, to wrap up. Not long before the old stone extension, a fix of shrubberies shuddered to one side. She looked down and got a sickening look at something shameful and detestable, and it drove her on. Section Five Chapter VII VII ‘Fuckin' shurrup, Robbie! Shurrup!' Krystal had hauled Robbie to a bus station a few lanes away, so neither Obbo nor Terri could discover them. She didn't know she had enough cash for the passage, however she was resolved to get to Pagford. Nana Cath was gone, Mr Fairbrother was gone, however Fats Wall was there, and she expected to make a child. ‘Why wuz ‘e in the live with yeh?' Krystal yelled at Robbie, who grizzled and didn't reply. There was just a minor measure of battery power left on Terri's cell phone. Krystal called Fats' number, yet it went to voice message. In Church Row, Fats was caught up with eating toast and tuning in to his folks having one of their recognizable, odd discussions in the investigation over the corridor. It was a much needed diversion from his own musings. The versatile in his pocket vibrated yet he didn't answer it. There was no one he needed to converse with. It would not be Andrew. Not after the previous evening. ‘Colin, you comprehend what you should do,' his mom was stating. She sounded depleted. ‘Please, Colin †‘ ‘We ate with them on Saturday night. The prior night he kicked the bucket. I cooked. What if †‘ ‘Colin, you didn't place anything in the food †for the wellbeing of God, presently I'm doing it †shouldn't do this, Colin, you know shouldn't get into it. This is your OCD talking.' ‘But I might've, Tess, I out of nowhere thought, imagine a scenario in which I put something †‘. ‘Then for what reason would we say we are alive, you, me and Mary? They did an after death, Colin!' ‘Nobody revealed to us the subtleties. Mary never let us know. I believe that is the reason she wouldn't like to converse with me any more. She suspects.' ‘Colin, for the wellbeing of Christ †‘ Tessa's voice turned into a dire murmur, too calm to even think about hearing. Fats' portable vibrated once more. He hauled it out of his pocket. Krystal's number. He replied. ‘Hiya,' said Krystal, over what seemed like a child yelling. ‘D'you wanna get together?' ‘Dunno,' yawned Fats. He had been aiming to hit the hay. ‘I'm comin' into Pagford on the transport. We could connect.' The previous evening he had squeezed Gaia Bawden into the railings outside the town corridor, until she had pulled away from him and hurled. At that point she had begun to chide him once more, so he had left her there and strolled home. ‘I don't know,' he said. He felt so drained, so hopeless. ‘Go on,' she said. From the investigation, he heard Colin. ‘You state that, yet would it appear? Consider the possibility that I †‘. ‘Colin, we shouldn't be going into this †shouldn't pay attention to these thoughts.' ‘How would you be able to express that to me? In what manner can I not pay attention to it? In case I'm liable †‘ ‘Yeah, good,' said Fats to Krystal. ‘I'll meet you in twenty, front of the bar in the Square.'

Teacher-Student Relationships Essay -- essays papers

Educator Student Relationships Most importantly, instructors should concentrate on their relationship with the understudies, in light of the fact that without that security, there is minimal possibility of dealing with the study hall productively. Understudies ought to know that the instructor needs them to be effective both all through the homeroom (Backes and Ellis, 2003). The most ideal path for instructors to show understudies this craving is to display an individual enthusiasm for all parts of the students’ lives (R.J. Marzano, J.S. Marzano, and Pickering, 2003). An individual intrigue can be uncovered by an assortment of basic errands remembering happily welcoming understudies for the passage (Backes and Ellis, 2003), talking casually with understudies when class, going to different extracurricular exercises and recognizing the students’ investment and accomplishments in those exercises, and making proper acquaintance with understudies in places outside of school, for example, the shopping cent er (R.J. Marzano, Pickering et al., 2003). Students’ lives and feelings outside of the study hall ought to be esteemed by instructors, since understudies are bound to regard themselves and their schoolmates when they accept that their emotions are regarded and thought about by educators (Wessler, 2003). Basically, understudies, â€Å"like we all, react better to rectification †even ultimatums †from somebody they know and respect† (Mathews, 2000). When educators have set up a bond with their understudies, it will be simpler for them to make an intriguing and far reaching study hall condition. At the point when instructors have great associations with their understudies, they study the understudies as people, and in this way gotten progressively mindful of the student’s interests, needs, and family foundation. Educators can utilize this data to ensure that ever... ...rch/EBSCO Database. Churchward, B. (2003). Order by structure. Recovered November 9, 2004 from http://www.honorlevel.com/x47.xml Instruction World, Inc. (2004). Responsive homeroom techniques. Recovered September 27, 2004, from http://www.educationworld.com/a_curr/reporters/charney/charney003b.shtml Glencoe/McGraw-Hill. (2004). Study hall the executives. Recovered September 27, 2004, from http://www.glencoe.com/sec/teachingtoday/tiparchive.phtml/4 Pearson Education, Inc. (2004). Study hall the executives. Recovered November 3, 2004, from http://www.teachervision.fen.com/page/5776.html Hafner, K. (2004, April 29). In class, the crowd says something. The New York Times, p. G1. Mathews, J. (2000, December 19). On great position; Maintaining discipline is critical to students’ achievement, however new educators once in a while learn homeroom the board. The Washington Post, p. A19.

Romantic and Love Essay Topics - Learn How to Write a Successful One

Romantic and Love Essay Topics - Learn How to Write a Successful OneRomance and love relationship essay topics are the most popular writing that most high school students use. This is the best way to communicate with your reader because it is easy to read and relate to the emotions, and the reader gets the idea that you have something in common.For romance and love essay topics, there are many different ways to approach them. Many high school students are not able to express themselves because they do not know how to write effectively. Some of the common issues they face are:{Not knowing how to write effectively: If you're anything like me, you probably never wanted to be a writer. It's not because you're bad at it, but rather, you lack the skills needed to communicate your thoughts clearly. In order to become a great writer, you must learn the art of being confident, and this confidence comes from knowing how to write effectively. Writing is all about using words properly to express your thoughts and emotions.Basic English: People are not very keen on reading something that they don't understand and this is why it is important to learn some basic English skills before tackling a topic like romance and love. The only way to learn how to use the correct grammar is to write it down, and this can be done with a simple English grammar checker or online resources.No ideas: Most students get tired of hearing about relationships. If you want to find your passion in life, and especially in writing, it is important to take an interest in the topic. Do not just read your way through it, because you won't learn anything about the topic. You must keep yourself busy by creating an outline, brainstorming, and other activities that will allow you to collect your thoughts.Relationship Essay Topics: Relationships are always an interesting topic for those in a relationship. In fact, studies show that the average couple experience more break ups than marriages. If you think that your relationship is ending, then it is important to tell it, so that the readers can understand your feelings and reactions towards it.Relationship Essay Topics: It is important to express yourself and let the readers know what you feel about your relationship. There are many different types of romance and love, and each one has its own story. Therefore, when you are writing your romantic and love essay topics, you should explore all of them.If you want to learn more about relationship essay topics, you should check out my website below. I will teach you how to write relationship essays in no time.

The International Criminal Court and its Role in Achieving Justice - Free Essay Example

In the aftermath of the Second World War the international community came to a general consensus that the matters of peace and human dignity were to be protected, and that those who were to contravene these protections would be held accountable no matter their position or title[1]. Throughout the years the concept of International Criminal Law developed and subsequently led to the creation of the first, permanent, treaty established, international criminal court. The International Criminal Court (ICC) came into existence on the 1 July 2002 after the efficient ratification of the Rome Statute[2], and has been labelled as one of the most important advances in international law since the conception of the United Nations and the espousal of the United Nations charter[3]. As an important institution the ICC does attempt to achieve some of the rather overzealous goals of international criminal law including, inter alia, the ending of impunity[4], recording of a public record of the history of the international community[5], resolving disagreements prior to conflict occurring[6], and identify patterns of disputes and conflicts[7]. However it is important to establish that it has been difficult for the ICC to have any meaningful role in achieving the goals of international criminal justice. For one the ICC is restricted in terms of superiority as it is considered to be a supplementary court rather than a court of superiority. This means that the ICC can only intervene when a national court is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“unwilling or unableà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  to try the crime or the suspect of those crimes[8]. Furthermore, the ICC is restricted in terms of the crimes that the institution has jurisdiction over[9]. The governing Rome Statute identifies that the ICC has con trol over a limited number of serious crimes which includes genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and in the future crimes of aggression[10]. Additionally the principle of jurisdiction retione temporis impedes the court from being able to investigate crimes committed before the institution was in force[11]. These restrictions are only some of many boundaries that make it difficult for the ICC to achieve the goals of international criminal justice which suggests that their role is, to an extent, limited. The purpose of this essay is to try to establish the role that the International Criminal Court plays in relation to achieving the goals of international criminal justice, in particular its role in achieving the international communityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s most significant yet rather nave objective of attempting to prevent the reoccurrence of war[12]. In order to answer whether or not this has been achieved this essay will critically evaluate the work, progress, and trials of the institution over the years, and will critically discuss two sub goals of international criminal justice that if achieved will help stop the reoccurrence of war. Firstly, the essay will debate the ICCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s role in attempting to eradicate impunity. Secondly, it will discuss how successful the ICC has been as a deterrence to individuals who may consider committing serious international crimes[13]. There is an overabundance of objectives that are the basis of international criminal law some of which are specified, some implied and others inferred from the conduct of international law makers, institutions and experts[14]. One of the broadest goals of international criminal law is the aspiration to have a universal criminal justice system that ends impunity[15]. Impunity is a controversial characteristic of the international criminal justice system that some academics argue allows diplomacy to rule over justice[16]. In result, it has been noted that for impunity to be removed in international criminal justice, trial and punishment must be equal for all involved; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"powerful and weak, rich and poorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[17]. The role that the ICC has had in attempting to achieve the goal of eradicating impunity is enshrined within its governing document. The Rome Statute preamble affirms that states parties are to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“determined to put an end to impunity for the perpetrators of these crimes[18]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Nevertheless, the goal of ending impunity is a demanding task for the international community to impose, and the extent of the importance of the role that the ICC has in achieving this goal is questionable[19]; especially when compared to the roles that International Military and Criminal Tribunals have played since their conception[20]. In clarification, Phooko à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" an academic critical of the work of the ICC à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" implies that the proposal that the ICC holds the powerful to account[21], is in reality nonsense. Phooko argues that the ICC is incapable of imposing universality in eradicating impunity, as the institution avoids prosecuting heads of states and selectively pursues the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"small fishesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ involved in the crime[22]. In doing so, the ICC permits perpetrators of heinous crimes exemption from punishment for their actions. Similarly to the point above, the ICCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s role in achieving the goal of eradicating impunity is further criticised due to the institutions focus, which tends to be pointed at the developing countries of the world particularly those in the African continent[23]. As of the time of writing, there are a substantial amount of pending warrants of arrest in African countries including Uganda, Mali, Republic of Congo, the Central African Republic, Sudan, Kenya and the Ivory Coast[24]. This is in contrast to countries in the West where there is a total of zero arrest warrants pending. Some academics argue that this is impunity in action and give the United States as an example[25]. The United States are a developed nation that are hosting citizens who have committed a succession of international misconducts but will encounter no penalty for their actions as the ICC are preoccupied elsewhere[26]. In support of the ICC its focus, its credibility and tacit independence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" it is seeking to achieve Herculean goals whilst being heavily restricted not only financially but also politically and statutorily, which is tapering the institutions focus to only a few countries, crimes and individuals[27]. To exemplify, the ICCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s jurisdiction only extends as far as the countries who have ratified and signed the Rome Statute, so citizens of the countries out with this criterion cannot be prosecuted for international crimes by the ICC[28]. Surprisingly, this problem is evident in the majority of the larger, most contentious countries of the world inclu ding the USA, Russia, China, India and Israel[29]. Finally, the ICCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s role in achieving the goal of eradicating impunity is very much reliant on state cooperation. As mentioned previously in order for the ICC to try an individual for a serious crime within the jurisdiction of the ICC the national court must first of all be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“unwilling or unableà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  to try the crime or the suspect of those crimes[30]. However, even if this is the case, the ICC requires the assistance of the state in order to extradite and prosecute the individual[31]as the court does not have its own military or police force to respond to warrants of arrest[32]. The problem with this level of cooperation is that the individuals that the ICC wish to prosecute tend to be those who have a level of power, perhaps the head of state, and it is very, very unlikely that they are going to turn themselves over to the court[33]. This is no more evident than in the case of Omar Al Bas hir[34] who has been wanted by the ICC since 2009. The Sudanese pending warrants of arrest are perhaps the most complicated, not only has the country only signed the Rome Statute, but President Al Bashir hides behind the veil of diplomatic immunity as he is still the serving President of Sudan[35]. To avoid the need for state cooperation the case was referred by the United Nations Security Council so that the heinous crimes committed in Darfur, Sudan, could be investigated[36]. However as of yet Al Bashir is still free, and recent developments suggest that the probe into Sudan has been postponed, which has furthered the concern that the ICC is powerless and ineffective in attempting to eradicate impunity[37]. Although the ICC have found it difficult to eradicate impunity within the international criminal justice system, the fact that this is a goal that could eventually be achieved is somewhat of a deterrence to individuals who might have otherwise committed international crimes[ 38]; thus the ICCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s role as a deterrent is another way in which the institution can achieve goals of international criminal justice[39]. The development of deterrence in international criminal law began when the UN Security Council established the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia giving it an unbarred time limit on conflicts that could be tried[40]. Diverging from the retributive, post ex facto tribunals of Nuremberg and Tokyo meant that potential perpetrators where forewarned that they could be held to account for their future criminal actions[41]. Similarly, the ICCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s governing statute emphasises that laws, and by precedent, sentencing[42], should à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“contribute to the prevention of such crimesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [43]. One way in which the ICC has attempted to deter criminals is by breaking the mould and producing arrest warrants for sitting Heads of State who were at one point immune to prosecution[44] which has instated a level of fear into some leaders of countries who are responsible for violence in their state[45]. Furthermore the ICCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ability to deter has been praised by individuals at the heart of the ICCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s focus. The Justice Minister for the Democratic Republic of Congo declared that tensions surrounding elections in 2011 had been suppressed and violence avoided by the deterrent effect of the ICC[46]. This suggests that the ICC just being in existence has created a deterrent effect that to some extent will help achieve the goal of preventing the reoccurrence of war and conflict. Another way in which the ICC has the ability to deter is through punishment of individuals who are convicted of international crimes creating a precedent which will deter the individual and onlookers from committing future criminal conduct[47]. The incapacitation of the offender is the judgement primarily used by the Prosecutor of the ICC when considering the punishment o f a perpetrator who is before the ICC as it is a more reliable way to promote prevention[48]. It is suggested that by incapacitating the perpetrator there will be two main benefits; for one the individual prosecuted will not be able to carry out any further crimes themselves[49], and two they will not be able to influence other potential offenders to carryout future crime[50]. Speculatively it is easy to state, like some optimists of the ICC[51], that the ICC has been successful in deterring individuals in terms of both specific and general deterrence. However, an identified problem with the use of incapacitation is that it requires a substantial amount of time to have an effect, as such some academics would suggest that the effects of incapacitation are only beneficial for a limited period of time due to restrictions in sentencing of a maximum of 30 years[52]. For these reasons the writer tends to agree that deterrence could and should be a role that the ICC plays when achieving th e goals of international criminal justice, however the ICCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s none existent track record of convictions[53], increasing amount of postponements[54], and the rise in additional violence[55] falls short of actually being a deterrent and therefore fails to prevent the reoccurrence of war. In conclusion, it is appropriate to express that the International Criminal Court has failed to achieve the main goal of international criminal justice to stop the reoccurrence of war. Through the critical analysis of two of the most achievable sub goals of international criminal law that the ICC should have been able to achieve à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" to end impunity and to deter individuals from committing future criminal acts it is clear that the institution has not been successful. In actuality, the experiences of the first decade of the ICC have not offered much praise, and the next 10 years will continue to be the same unless the international community cut the red tape that is co nstricting the ICC. To end, the writer would like to suggest ways in which the ICC could within the next ten years achieve the goals of international criminal justice. Firstly, it is recommended that to eradicate impunity the ICC must somehow become a sine qua non of respect in international society[56], where cooperation is strong between the state and the ICC as without this at its foundations it cannot appropriately fight impunity[57]. Finally, in order for the ICC to be an effective instrument of deterrence it needs to understand that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“men willing to commit mass murder are terribly difficult to dissuade[58]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . By this it is suggested that the ICC needs to be stricter in its approach to prosecuting, by trialling the suspects of heinous crimes and not condoning their actions by shelving the case. This is unfair on the victims and the public interest as a whole[59]. If these points can be achieved the International Criminal Court may be able to progr ess further towards achieving the goals of international criminal justice in its teenage years better than it has in its infancy. [1] S. Sang-Hyun, Preventative Potential of the International Criminal Court [2013] Asian Journal of International Law 203, 203-205 [2] Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, July 17, 1998, U.N. Doc. A/Conf. 183/9 (last amended 2010) (hereinafter: Rome Statute) [3] K. Ambos, Observations from an International Criminal Law viewpoint [1996] 7 EJIL 519 [4] D. Zolo, Peace through Criminal Law? [2004] 2 J. Intl Crim 727, 730-731 [5] R. Cryer, H. Friman, D. Robinson and E. Wilmshurst, An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure [2010] 2nd Edition CUP 30-33 [6] S. Nouwen, Justifying Justice in Crawford and Koskenniemi (eds) [2012] Cambridge Companion to International Law 331, 331 [7] I. Tallgren, The Sensibility and Sense of International Criminal Law [2002] 13 EJIL 561, 561 [8] J.J. Llewellyn, A Comment on the Complementary Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court: Adding Insult to Injury in Transitional Context? [2001] DALHOUSIE L.J 192 [9] N. Boister, Treaty Crimes, International Criminal Court? [2009] New Criminal Law Review 341 [10] Rome Statute, Art.5, Art.6-8bis [11] Ibid, Art 11, Art 24; C. Gegout, The International Criminal Court: limits, potential and conditions for the promotion of justice and peace [2013] Third World Quarterly Vol. 34 800, 800 [12] M. Damaska, What is the point of International Criminal Justice? [2008] Faculty Scholarship Series Paper 1573 1573 329, 331, 331 [13] R. Cryer, H. Friman, D. Robinson and E. Wilmshurst, An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure [2010] 2nd Edition CUP 30-33 [14] T. Jones, The goals of International Criminal Justice are both unachievable and potentially harmful. [2014] 1, 1-6 [15] C. Blake-Amarante, Peace vs. Justice: The Strategic Use of International Criminal Tribunals [ 2013] Trials and tribulations of international prosecution, 1 [16] T. Krever, International Criminal Law: an ideology critique [2013] LJIL 26(3 ) 701, 710-711 [17] R. Cryer, Prosecuting International Crimes: Selectivity and the International Criminal Law Regime [2005] CUP 198 [18] Rome Statute, para 5 of preamble [19]M. R. Phooko, How Effective the International Criminal Court has Been: Evaluating the work and progress of the International Criminal Court [2011] Notre Dame Journal of International, Comparative Human Rights Law 182 [20] R. Bellelli, International Criminal Justice: Law and Practice from the Rome Statute to Its Review (1st, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., Surrey 2013) 69-78 [21] S. Nouwen, Justifying Justice in Crawford and Koskenniemi (eds) [2012] Cambridge Companion to International Law 331, 329 [22] M. R. Phooko, How Effective the International Criminal Court has Been: Evaluating the work and progress of the International Criminal Court [2011] Notre Dame Journal of International, Comparative Human Rights Law 182, 190 [23]Ibid; See N. Waddell P. Clark, Courting Conflict? Justice, Peace and the ICC in Africa [2008] Royal African Society for further discussion [24] International Criminal Court, Warrants of arrest (www.icc-cpi.int n/a) [25] Amnesty International , INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT: US efforts to obtain impunity for genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes [August 2002] 1, [26] P. Sands, Torture Team: Abuse, Lawyers and Criminal Responsibility [2011] Cambridge Review of International Affairs 24 (3) 309, 309; Impunity for George Bush as mentioned in: A. P. Rubin, International Crime and Punishment [1993] 34 NI 73, 74 [27] B. Ottley T. Kleinhaus, Confronting the past: the elusive search for post-conflict justice [2010] 45 Irish Jurist 107, 143 [28] Rome Statute Art 12(2) [29] The International Criminal Court, The States Parties to the Rome Statute (https://www.icc-cpi.int ) [30] J.J. Llewellyn, A Comment on the Complementary Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court: Adding Insult to Injury in Transitional Context? [2001] DA LHOUSIE L.J 192 [31] Rome Statute, Art. 86, Art.89 (1), [32] P. Clark, Law, Politics and Pragmatism: The ICC and Case 37 Selection in Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo [2008] Edited by Nicholas Waddell and Phil Clark Courting Conflict? Justice, Peace and the ICC in Africa 37, 43 [33] W. Burke-White, ICC and the Future of Legal Accountability [2003] 10 ILSA J Intl Comp L 195, 196; M. R. Phooko, How Effective the International Criminal Court has Been: Evaluating the work and progress of the International Criminal Court [2011] Notre Dame Journal of International, Comparative Human Rights Law 182, 187 [34] Prosecutor v Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir, Case No. ICC-02/05-01/09-1, Warrant of Arrest (Mar. 4, 2009) [35] Rome Statute Art 98 (1); [36] Rome Statute Art 13(b) [37] D. Smith, ICC chief prosecutor shelves Darfur war crimes probe (theguardian.com 2014) accessed 07/01/2015 [38] C. Gegout, The International Criminal Court: limits, potential and conditi ons for the promotion of justice and peace [2013] Third World Quarterly Vol. 34 800, 809 [39] L. Vinjamuri, Deterrence, Democracy, and the Pursuit of International Justice [2010] Ethics International Affairs 191 [40] S. Sang-Hyun, Preventative Potential of the International Criminal Court [2013] Asian Journal of International Law 203, 203-205 [41] UN Security Council Resolution 827 (Tribunal, Former Yugoslavia), [1993] S/RES/827 [42] Prosecutor v Dusko Tadic [2000] 48 A Ch 94-1-A (ICTY): deterrence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“may legitimately be considered in sentencing. [43] Rome Statute, para 5 of preamble [44] K. Sikkink, The Justice Cascade (1st, W.W. Norton Company, New York 2011) 258 [45] C. Gegout, The International Criminal Court: limits, potential and conditions for the promotion of justice and peace [2013] Third World Quarterly Vol. 34 800, 809 [46] S. Sang-Hyun, Preventative Potential of the International Criminal Court [2013] Asian Journal of International Law 203, 207 [47] R. Cryer, H. Friman, D. Robinson and E. Wilmshurst, An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure [2010] 2nd Edition CUP 30-33 [48] S. Nouwen, Justifying Justice in Crawford and Koskenniemi (eds) [2012] Cambridge Companion to International Law 331, 331 [49] I. Tallgren, The Sensibility and Sense of International Criminal Law [2002] 13 EJIL 561, 569 [50] K. Cronin-Furman, Managing Expectations: International Criminal Trials and the Prospects for Deterrence of Mass Atrocity [2013] The International Journal of Transitional Justice, 1, 1-21 [51] C. Stahn, Between à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Faithà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Factsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢: By What Standards Should We Assess International Criminal Justice? [2012] Leiden Journal of International Law 251, 265-267 [52] I. Tallgren, The Sensibility and Sense of International Criminal Law [2002] 13 EJIL 561, 576; discussing Rome Statute Art 77 [53] M. R. Phooko, How Effective the Inter national Criminal Court has Been: Evaluating the work and progress of the International Criminal Court [2011] Notre Dame Journal of International, Comparative Human Rights Law 182, 186-190; 190-195 [54] D. Smith, ICC chief prosecutor shelves Darfur war crimes probe (theguardian.com 2014) [55] M. Chulov, Syria: UN lists names of Assad officials who could face ICC prosecution (theguardian.com 2011) accessed 08/01/2015 [56] C. Stephen, International Criminal Law: Wielding the sword of universal criminal justice? [2012] ICLQ 61(1) 55, 63 [57] Ibid 84 [58] G. Bass, Stay the Hand of Vengeance: The Politics of War Crimes Tribunals [2000] PUP 58, 58-60 [59] M. R. Phooko, How Effective the International Criminal Court has Been: Evaluating the work and progress of the International Criminal Court [2011] Notre Dame Journal of International, Comparative Human Rights Law 182

Beginning Level Writing for ESL Describing Cities

Read the following paragraphs introducing Portland, Oregon. Notice that each paragraph focuses on a different aspect of the city. Portland, Oregon is located in the northwest of the United States. Both the Columbia and the Willamette river run through Portland. It is the largest city in the state of Oregon. The city is famous for its proximity to the mountains and the ocean, as well as its relaxed, friendly inhabitants. Approximately 500,000 people live in Portland while the Portland metro area has a population of over 1.5 million inhabitants. The main industries in the Portland area include computer chip manufacturing and sportswear design. In fact, two famous sportswear companies are based in the Portland Area: Nike and Columbia Sportswear. The largest employer is Intel which employs over 15,000 people in the greater Portland metro area. There are also many smaller technology companies located in downtown Portland. Portlands weather is famous for its rain. However, the spring and summer are quite lovely and mild. The Willamette V alley to the south of Portland is important for its agriculture and wine production. The Cascade Mountains are located to the east of Portland. Mt. Hood has three major skiing facilities and attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors each year. The Columbia river gorge is also located close to Portland. Tips for Writing an Introduction to a City Discuss one aspect of the city in each paragraph. For example, one paragraph about general facts and population, one paragraph about industries, one paragraph about culture, etc.Use resources such as Wikipedia to help you find facts about the city.Use its as a possessive when writing about a city (not her, or his). For example, Its main exports are ...When using numbers, write out the numbers up to twenty. For larger numbers, use numerals. For example: There are two professional sports organizations ... BUT There are over 130,000 inhabitants in XYZ.Use million when expressing very large numbers. For example, 2.4 million people live in the greater metro area.Make sure to capitalize specific names of companies and monuments.Use both the comparative and superlative forms to make statements relating to other cities and regions. For example: It is the largest producer of apples in the state. Helpful Language Location X is located in the Y region of (country)X lies between the A and the B (mountains, valleys, rivers, etc.)Located at the foot of the B mountainsLocated in the R valley Population X has a population of ZMore than (number) people live in XApproximately (number) people live in XWith a population of (number), X ....inhabitants Features X is famous for ...X is known as ...X features ...(product, food, etc.) is important for X, ... Work The main industries in X are ...X has a number of Y plants (factories, etc.)The main employers of X are ...The largest employer is ... Writing About a City Exercise Choose a city you would like to describe.Find a research page for reference purposes. You can use sites like Wikipedia, magazines, or other resources.Choose three or four broad topics you would like to discuss.For each topic, write down a list of specific facts using your reference materials. For example: Â  Weather -Â  more than 80 inches of snow on average extremely hot summers etc.Take each fact and write a sentence about that fact. For example:Boulder receives more than 80 inches of snow on average each winter.Combine your sentences into a paragraph on each broad topic. Make sure to use linking language, pronouns, etc. to link the ideas in your sentences into a logical sequence.If you are using a computer, make sure to spell check your work.

Procurement Strategy Supply Chain Management - 1170 Words

1 Introduction Procurement strategy is the important strategy involve the supply chain management, It provides the business could access the opportunities to reduce the cost, makes the quality promise, consequensely, gain the profit. The supplier selection process starts with the requirements of the materials for the business. The processes of the supplier selection include supplier identification, supplier evaluation and set the contract with the supplier. Supplier selection is designed to ensure their quality, safety and efficiency. 2 The main body 2.1 Supplier selection process 2.1.1 supplier identification At first, the business must identify potential suppliers applied to the procurement strategies as described in the procurement†¦show more content†¦Green Chilly has to analyze all the information together about potential suppliers. Generally, the business make 3 types of request to suppliers, request for information(RFI), request for proposal(RFP), request for quote(RFQ), (Beil and Ross, 2009) the suppliers must give the response according to these three requests. There are more complex factors take into consideration to select the suppliers, such as environmental, social, political, and customer satisfaction. It is important to identify the requirement and the criteria for the different types of the supplier in the business, the quality and the price is widely used in the supplier selection, according to the Green Chilly restaurant, the criteria can be divided into the food supplier and nonfood supplier, because of the restaurant request a high requirement for the fresh foo d, delivery is the most important factors to consider, the non-monetary term is applied to the food supplier. The equipment in the restaurant could use the monetary criteria to reduce the cost. Additionally the supplier s operational capacity, technical capability and financial ability should be taken under consideration (Solish and Semanik 1999). 2) Determine Sourcing Strategy . It is important to determine the sourcing strategies,

Short Story My Genre - 1356 Words

Short Story My genre is a short story. The length is around 10 to 25 pages usually. With around 1500 to 2500 words. Short stories started around the 15th century, In the medieval period. Short stories were used as entertainment and also used to annotate history and beliefs. Short stories are basically a story focused on one point. Everything is based of on one single structure or event, and everything goes on around it. For example, if you are aiming at a target, instead of looking around it, you will look straight in the middle where you re going to aim and nowhere else. This is how you write a short story. Some of the characteristics of a short story are that, they are less complex than a novel, single setting, and fewer characters. The narrative modes will never change, a person can use first person, second person and if needed third-person point of view. Furthermore, if the author wants to change a few things, he can do it because a short story doesn t have any specific set of rules. The cha racteristic usually just helps the author to start a story, but no one has to follow those rules. The context of a short story is pretty much a summary of the whole story in a few sentences. The audience can be anyone from a child to an adult.depending on who the author wanted to read his or her story. If the story was made for little kids than anyone could read it people such as teachers, students, kids and parents. If the book was made for a college class than the audienceShow MoreRelatedThrough My Creative Writing And Reading Experience, I Have1156 Words   |  5 PagesThrough my creative writing and reading experience, I have been exposed to a variety of literary genres. My preferred genres have consistently been free verse poetry, fiction, and non-fiction. For the purpose of this class, I have chosen the genre of creative non-fiction. 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Human rights in kuwait Essay Example For Students

Human rights in kuwait Essay Human Rights: Yet another commodity for the new society or a necessity? As one stands on the doorsteps of a new millennium, one can only imagine the future ahead. With the globalization movement making its way around the world, issues such as human rights are coming up, and are becoming international issues of concern rather than local ones. International organizations monitor governments and note the extent to which those governments adhere to and respect human rights. In the age of globalization, free trade between the nations of the world exists along with a sizeable transfer of knowledge and technology. And for one nation to succeed in that new environment it must have positive relations with others. For this good relation to evolve and develop, a nation must first address its inner issues of which human rights is a part of, for the human factor is prime in the globalization age that is based mainly on human-brain based industries. The Director of the Kuwait Information Office in Washington, in a lecture at Georgetown University, said, The democratic process taking place in Kuwait is compatible with the Western definition of democracy, and it is clear when tracing countrys modern history that there is in fact a true democratic process presently sweeping the country.; In 1948, the United Nations adopted the ;Universal Declaration of Human Rights; which included the minimum requirements that nations around the world must aim for to achieve and maintain mans fundamental freedoms and rights. This included principles of equality without regard to race, color, sex, language, religion etc. in addition to the right to life, liberty and security. The Declaration was the platform on which all people should act. Any breach of its articles would put the breaching Nation under great pressure and criticism from its peers, who usually aim to correct the situation. Al-Ghabra added, It has become increasingly difficult to maintain authortarian government in the modern era. By 1997, more that 116 nations had a president chosen by elections, up from only 39 nations in 1974. In the middle eastern nation of Kuwait, human rights have come a long way towards achieving a formidable status for the 38 years old nation has taken measures that surpass those taken by older nations. Kuwaits constitution that dates back to the year 1962 ensured human rights in many of its articles. Kuwaiti Parliament member AbdulMohsen Jamal said that the constitution is a, ; great achievement that has gained Kuwait the respect of the international community. ; The constitution took a humanitarian capitalistic approach towards dealing with citizens and society. It based national economy on social justice and equal cooperation between public and private sectors aiming to achieve economic development and a better standard of living for its citizens. The constitution allocated a full chapter that deals with rights and public duties, guaranteeing personal freedom, freedom of religion, press and gathering, and the right to education and work. Article 6 states that Kuwait is a democratically ruled nation. Article 7 states that freedom and fairness are the basic principles of society where cooperation and mercifulness is the closest tie between citizens. Article 8 deals with providing security and opportunities by the nations government. Article 29 states that all people are equal in their responsibilities and public duty without indifference due to race, sex, language or religion. Article 30 states that personal freedom is guranteed. Article 35 provides for freedom of religions. Article 43 deals with the freedom to establish non governmental organizations on national basis using peaceful means adopted by law. Article 80 states that a parliament is made up of 50 members elected by the people. In addition to its constitution, Kuwait has signed most international treaties that deal with human rights such as treaty against all forms of discrimination against women, treaty for kids rights, treaty against torture, and was the first Arabian Gulf country to ratify the two international treaties formulated by the International Committee for Human Rights in 1954 called the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Martin Luther Essay Summary With a firm basis, Kuwait took a step further in 1999 when the Amir signed a decree giving women in Kuwait the right to vote and run for .

The Crusades A History, Second Edition Essay Sample free essay sample

The Crusades were a critical chapter in European and Christian history. deeply impacting the times in which they occurred. every bit good as the hereafter of Christianity itself. Jonathan Riley-Smith’sThe Crusades– about 400 pages in length – provides a extremely elaborate history of all the campaign motions that took topographic point. Written by Riley-Smith. writer and editor of several books on the Crusades and the Middle Ages in general. the book is composed of two forewords. an debut. 10 chapters. and closes with an afterword. The meat of the book is the 10 chapters. each of which is broken down into several subdivisions. therefore leting for a elaborate analysis of every facet of each campaign. The first two chapters provide an history of the events taking up to the start of the campaign motion. every bit good as an in-depth focal point on the first campaign itself. Riley-Smith makes it clear that the intent of this first campaign was to salvage the Holy Land from the heathen Muslims. We will write a custom essay sample on The Crusades: A History, Second Edition Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He emphasizes the point that the campaign was to be about release. non merely for the Holy Land. but besides for all those who were evildoers. If they fought for the release of Jerusalem. they would see religious release. The 3rd and 4th chapters focus on the colony. development. and defence of the Latin East. Riley-Smith provides an account of the events following the first campaign. which ended in triumph for the reformers. They were able to set up little provinces. of which they were the exclusive swayers. However. this would merely last for a brief period of clip. as the tensenesss that led to the campaign were still simmering. Those tensenesss lead Riley-Smith to discourse the slightly forgettable 2nd campaign in the 5th chapter. He emphasizes that hapless executing resulted in low morale among the reformers. which in bend led to really few triumphs during that peculiar campaign. He besides makes the point that. at this phase. the fighting motion was in a period of adolescence. Like all striplings. it was traveling through the awkward stage. but it would come of age with the 3rd campaign. The 6th chapter covers the 3rd. 4th. and 5th campaigns. every bit good as the children’s campaign and other minor campaigns led by single swayers. This chapter shows the growing that the fighting motion experienced. every bit good as the seeds of its eventual death. The 7th chapter continues in the same yarn as the old 1. supplying histories of fighting motions in Spain. Prussia. and Livonia. every bit good as campaigns launched by St. Louis of France. It closes with a treatment refering why there was no great fighting motion following 1276. The eight chapter focuses one time more on the Latin East. discoursing the assorted political developments happening at that place between 1192 and 1291. The concluding two chapters discuss the assorted developments within the crusading motion itself. every bit good as the ultimate death of the fighting motion. Despite what most history books province. the fighting motion did non stop with the last official campaign. but instead died a slow decease. non petering out until the late 1790s. Finally. the afterword brings the book to a stopping point. It provides treatments how different groups have viewed and explained the significance of the fighting motion. every bit good as the consequence the motion had on the survey of history. and history in general. Upon completion of the book. it becomes evident that. while it is rather detailed in its history of the full crusading motion. it is a slightly dry read. There are intimations of wit. but for the bulk of the book. the information is presented in simple narrative. However. one redeeming quality is the use of maps. which enable the reader to hold a ocular to travel along with the narrative. This book would be an first-class tool for a class that focused merely on the Crusades. but for merely reading for personal enjoyment. it would be a spot hard to acquire through. Despite these little drawbacks. the existent format of the book is rather good. The linguistic communication is straightforward. and slightly simple to read. However. the great sum of item can be a spot dashing for those merely seeking a general history of the fighting motion. Overall. Riley-Smith accomplishes the undertaking he set out: to supply the reader with an in-depth account and analysis of the fighting motion. His huge cognition of the Crusades. every bit good as the period of the Middle Ages in general. are what allow this book to be a success.

Understanding Induction Motor Nameplate Information Essay Example

Understanding Induction Motor Nameplate Information Essay Keeping the language common among manufacturers is critical to making motors interchangeable The U. S. motor industry has worked on a standardized basis for more than three-quarters of a century. The standardization agency — National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) — was established in 1926 â€Å"†¦ to promote the standardization of electrical apparatus and supplies. † As a result of this groups efforts, you can expect â€Å"standard† motors from different manufacturers to meet or exceed minimum performance parameters and, for the most part, be about the same size. A critical part of making motors interchangeable is ensuring that nameplate information is common among manufacturers. The common language of the motor nameplate enables installation and maintenance personnel to quickly understand and recognize exactly what type of motor theyre dealing with during a new installation or replacement procedure. The NEC states that the motor nameplate must show the following information: * Rated voltage or voltages * Rated full-load amps for each voltage level * Frequency * Phase * Rated full-load speed * Insulation class and rated ambient temperature Rated horsepower * Time rating * Locked-rotor code letter * Manufacturers name and address In addition to this required information, motor nameplates may also include data like frame size, NEMA design letter, service factor, full-load efficiency, and power factor. Finally, some nameplates may even include data like bearing identification numbers, certification code, manufacturer serial number, and symbols a nd logos. Basic nameplate data. In order to fully understand the details presented on motor nameplates well examine each of these items more closely and explain its importance. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Induction Motor Nameplate Information specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Induction Motor Nameplate Information specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Induction Motor Nameplate Information specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Rated voltage  Ã¢â‚¬â€ Motors are designed to yield optimal performance when operating at a specific voltage level, or a combination of voltage levels in the case of dual-voltage or tri-voltage motors. This value is known as the nameplate voltage. In recognition of the fact that voltage changes on your power distribution system occur due to changing load conditions within your facility and on the utility supply that feeds your facility, motors are designed with a 10% tolerance for voltage above and below the rated nameplate value. Thus, a motor with a rated nameplate voltage of 460V should be expected to operate successfully between 414V and 506V. Rated full-load amperage  Ã¢â‚¬â€ As the torque load on a motor increases, the amperage required to power the motor also increases. When the full-load torque and horsepower is reached, the corresponding amperage is known as the full-load amperage (FLA). This value is determined by laboratory tests; the value is usually rounded up slightly and recorded as the nameplate value. Rounding up allows for manufacturing variations that can occur and some normal voltage variations that might increase the full-load amps of the motor. The nameplate FLA is used to select the correct wire size, motor starter, and overload protection devices necessary to serve and protect the motor. Frequency  Ã¢â‚¬â€ To operate successfully, the motor frequency must match the power system (supply) frequency. In North America, this frequency is 60 Hz (cycles). In other parts of the world, the frequency may be 50 or 60 Hz. Phase  Ã¢â‚¬â€ This concept is fairly simple in the United States. You either have a single-phase or 3-phase motor. Rated full-load speed  Ã¢â‚¬â€ This is the motors approximate speed under full-load conditions, when voltage and frequency are at the rated values. A somewhat lower value than the actual laboratory test result figures is usually stamped on the nameplate because this value can change slightly due to factors like manufacturing tolerances, motor temperature, and voltage variations. On standard induction motors, the full-load speed is typically 96% to 99% of the no-load speed. Insulation class and rated ambient temperature  Ã¢â‚¬â€ A critical element in motor life is the maximum temperature that occurs at the hottest spot in the motor. The temperature that occurs at that spot is a combination of motor design (temperature rise) and the ambient (surrounding) temperature. The standard way of indicating these components is by showing the allowable maximum ambient temperature, usually 40 °C (104 °F), and the class of insulation used in the design of the motor. Available classes are B, F, and H. Rated horsepower  Ã¢â‚¬â€ Horsepower is the measure of how much work a motor can be expected to do. This value is based on the motors full-load torque and full-load speed ratings and is calculated as follows: Horsepower (hp)=[Motor Speed? Torque (lb-ft)]? 5,250 The standardized NEMA table of motor horsepower ratings runs from 1 hp to 450 hp. If a loads actual horsepower requirement falls between two standard horsepower ratings, you should generally select the larger size motor for your application. Time rating  Ã¢â‚¬â€ Standard motors are rated for continuous duty (24/7) at their rated load and maximum ambient temperature. Specialized motors can be designed for â€Å"short-time† requirements where intermittent duty is all thats needed. These motors can carry a short-time rating from 5 minutes to 60 minutes. The NEMA definition for short-time motors is as follows: â€Å"All short-time ratings are based upon corresponding short-time load tests, which shall commence only when the windings and other parts of the motor are within 5 °C of the ambient temperature at the time of the test. † By using short-time ratings, its possible to reduce the size, weight, and cost of the motor required for certain applications. For example, you may choose to install an induction motor with a 15-minute rating to power a pre-operation oil pump used to pre-lube a gas turbine unit because it would be unusual for this type of motor to be operated for more than 15 minutes at a time. Locked-rotor code letter  Ã¢â‚¬â€ When AC motors are started with full voltage applied, they create an inrush current thats usually many times greater than the value of the full-load current. The value of this high current can be important on some installations because it can cause a voltage dip that might affect other equipment. There are two ways to find the value of this current: * Look it up in the motor performance data sheets as provided by the manufacturer. It will be noted as the locked-rotor current. * Use the locked-rotor code letter that defines an inrush current a motor requires when starting it. Manufacturers name and address  Ã¢â‚¬â€ Most manufacturers include their name and address on the motor nameplate. Optional nameplate data. In addition to the required items noted above, more information is typically included on a motor nameplate. Frame size  Ã¢â‚¬â€ Under the NEMA system, most motor dimensions are standardized and categorized by a frame size number and letter designation. In fractional horsepower motors the frame sizes are two digits and represent the shaft height of the motor from the bottom of the base in sixteenths of an inch. For example, a 56-frame motor would have a shaft height (â€Å"D† dimension) of 56/16 of an inch, or 3. 5 inches. On larger 3-digit frame size motors, 143T through 449T, a slightly different system is used where the first two digits represent the shaft height in quarters of an inch. For example, a 326T frame would have a â€Å"D† dimension of 32 one-quarter inches, or 8 inches. Although no direct inch measurement relates to it, the third digit of three-digit frame sizes, in this case a 6, is an indication of the motor bodys length. The longer the motor body, the longer the distance between mounting bolt holes in the base (i. e. greater â€Å"F† dimension). For example, a 145T frame has a larger F dimension than does a 143T frame. When working with metric motors (IEC type), the concept is the same as noted above with one exception — the shaft height above the base is now noted in millimeters rather than inches. The frame size is the shaft height in millimeters. NEMA design letter  Ã¢â‚¬â€ Certain types of machinery may require motors with specialized performance characteristics. For example, cranes and hoists that have to start with full loads imposed may require motors with operating characteristics much different from what is required for pumps and blowers. Motor performance characteristics can be altered by design changes in lamination, winding, rotor, or any combination of these three items. Most standard motors for general-purpose applications meet or exceed the values specified for Design B motors in NEMA MG-1, Standard for Motors and Generators. Design A motors are sometimes used on applications that require high breakdown (pull-out) torque, such as injection molding machines. Design C motors are selected for applications that require high starting (locked-rotor) torque, such as inclined conveyors. Design D motors, also called â€Å"high slip† motors, are sometimes used to power hoists and cycling loads, such as oil well pump jacks and low-speed punch presses. Fig. 1. These graphs show typical torque-speed curves for Design A, B, C, and D motors. Fig. 1  shows the general shape of torque-speed curves for motors with NEMA Design A, B, C, and D characteristics. Bear in mind that the curves shown in Fig. 1 and the figure in the sidebar on page 24 are general shapes. In real motors, each motor would have its own distinct values different from the percentages reflected in these figures. Service factor  Ã¢â‚¬â€ Service factor (SF) is an indication of how much overload a motor can withstand when operating normally within the correct voltage tolerances. For example, the standard SF for open drip-proof (ODP) motors is 1. 15. This means that a 10-hp motor with a 1. 15 SF could provide 11. 5 hp when required for short-term use. Some fractional horsepower motors have higher service factors, such as 1. 5, 1. 35, and even 1. 50. In general, its not a good practice to size motors to operate continuously above rated load in the service factor area. Motors may not provide adequate starting and pull-out torques, and incorrect starter/overload sizing is possible. Traditionally, totally enclosed fan cooled (TEFC) motors had an SF of 1. 0, but most manufac turers now offer TEFC motors with service factors of 1. 15, the same as on ODP motors. Most hazardous location motors are made with an SF of 1. 0, but some specialized units are available for Class I applications with a service factor of 1. 5. Full-load efficiency  Ã¢â‚¬â€ As energy costs have increased, conservation efforts have become more important to commercial and industrial operations. As a result, its become important to have full-load efficiency information readily available on motor nameplates. The efficiency is given as a percentage and indicates how well the motor converts electrical power into mechanical power. The closer this value is to 100%, the lower the electricity consumption cost is going to be. Generally, larger motors will be more efficient than smaller motors. Todays premium efficiency 3-phase motors have efficiencies ranging from 86. 5% at 1 hp to 95. 8% at 300 hp. The efficiency value that appears on the nameplate is the nominal full-load efficiency as determined using a very accurate dynamometer and a procedure described by IEEE Standard 112, Method B. The nominal value is what the average would be if a substantial number of identical motors were tested and the average of the batch were determined. Some motors might have a higher value and others might be lower, but the average of all units tested is shown as the nominal nameplate value. Guaranteed minimum is another efficiency thats sometimes noted on a nameplate. This value is determined from a mathematical relationship that assumes that the worst efficiency of any motor in the batch — used to determine the average (nominal) value — could have losses as much as 20% higher than the average. As a result, each nominal efficiency value would have a corresponding minimum efficiency value. You can view these values in Table 12-8 in NEMA MG-1. Power factor  Ã¢â‚¬â€ Power factor is the ratio of motor load watts divided by volt-amps at the full-load condition. Power factor for a motor changes with its load. Power factor is minimum at no load and increases as additional load is applied to the motor. Power factor usually reaches a peak at or near full load on the motor. Final spin. Changing motors out becomes a lot easier when you can quickly recognize the key items that describe a motors size, speed, voltage, physical dimensions, and performance characteristics. All of this information and more is usually available on the motors nameplate. Its your responsibility to be able to correctly interpret the information on this nameplate, correctly apply it in the field, and verify conformance to NEMA, IEC, or other industry standards. Editors Note:  This text was written by Ed Cowern when he was a district manager for Baldor Electric Co. in Wallingford, Conn. He has since retired. Sidebar: The Delicate Relationship of Motor Speed and Torque This is a typical torque-speed curve for a standard AC induction motor. Its important to understand some details of motor performance as shown by a typical Torque-Speed curve in the  Figure  to the right. The plot shows what happens in terms of output torque and motor speed when a motor is started with full voltage applied. The motor is initially at zero speed and develops locked-rotor torque (Point A). As the motor accelerates, some motor designs produce a slight dip in torque. If they do, the lowest point on this curve is called the pull-in or pull-up torque (Point B). As the speed increases further, the torque generally increases to the highest point on the curve (Point C), which is called the pullout or breakdown torque. Finally, when the motor is loaded to its full-load torque, the motor speed stabilizes (Point D). If the motor isnt driving anything, its speed goes up to its no-load speed or synchronous speed (Point E). For example, on a four-pole motor operating at 60 Hz, the no-load speed might be 1,799 RPM and synchronous speed would be 1,800 RPM. Each of these points (A, B, C, and D) has absolute values (usually expressed in pound-feet). However, theyre frequently given in terms of a percentage of the full-load torque. For example, a 20-hp, 60-Hz, four-pole motor could have a full-load torque of 59. 5 pound-feet and a locked-rotor torque of 116 pound-feet. This is shown as: (116? 59. 5)? 100=195% Similarly, the breakdown torque of 199 pound-feet could be shown as: (199? 59. 5)? 100=334%

Experiment to investigate the Factors affecting the Energy Transfer Involved in the Cooling of Water Essays

Experiment to investigate the Factors affecting the Energy Transfer Involved in the Cooling of Water Essays Experiment to investigate the Factors affecting the Energy Transfer Involved in the Cooling of Water Essay Experiment to investigate the Factors affecting the Energy Transfer Involved in the Cooling of Water Essay Water cools in many different ways due to a variety of different reasons, which depend on the way in which the water is contained. I will be considering how water in a plastic cup cools. If I put hot water in a plastic cup I would expect heat to be lost by radiation from the sides and the top, conduction through the base and evaporation from the top. If however, the sides and base were highly insulated; most heat would be lost by evaporation and radiation from the top. Here are the ways in which heat is lost from cooling water: 1) Radiation Radiation is the movement of heat energy by electros of radiation are the sun radiating heat through space and a central heating radiator radiating heat into a room. 2) Conduction Conduction can take place in solids, liquids and gases. When a material is heated the particles nearest to the heat gain kinetic energy. They then start to vibrate faster due to this energy and as they do they touch other particles and transfer the kinetic energy to them. This process is repeated and the energy is transferred through out the object from hot regions to cooler regions. As the water looses heat from the sides of the cup conduction will cool the mass of the water. Conduction will also occur through the walls of the cup and then radiate and through the base of the cup into the surface on which the cup stands. 3) Convection When a liquid of gas is heated (convection can not take place in solids), the molecules move faster and push each other further apart. The fluid expands and becomes less dense. The less dense fluid then rises upwards taking its thermal energy with it. This rising fluid is then replaced by cooler fluid and a convection current is set up. Thermal energy is transferred by the molecules themselves moving from the hot region to the cooler one. As the water nearest the sides of the plastic cup cools due to radiation, convection with in the water will cool all the water. 4) Evaporation When water is heated the molecules gain kinetic energy and move around very quickly. Some of these molecules manage to gain enough energy to break free from the liquid. This process is called evaporation. As the water evaporates it takes away some of the thermal energy. As the temperature of water increases the molecules gain more and more energy so the rate of evaporation also increases. Evaporation can be reduced by sealing the top of the plastic cup with a very small air space above the water. The water vapour will then condense and drip back into the water. 5) Temperature differential The difference in temperature between room temperature and the temperature of water can alter the rate of which the water cools. If there is a big difference and the water is very hot and the room temperature is fairly low then the rate of cooling will be much larger than if the temperatures were very close together. 6) Insulation Insulation is a material with low conductivity which is used to reduce the amount of heat lost from a hot object such as a hot water tank. By wrapping the plastic cup with insulation the rate of conduction through the wall of the cup will be reduced. Air is a very good insulator and so many insulators have small air pockets with in them which can prevent large convection currents being set up. 7) Energy The thermal energy of water can be calculated by measuring the volume of water and its temperature. The energy change = the specific heat capacity à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ mass à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ temperature change The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 Joules per Kg per à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½K For example to heat up 1kg of water by 10 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C would require: 4200 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 10 = 42000 Joules. The energy loss can then be calculated by measuring the reduction in temperature provided the volume of water remains unchanged. Plan I have chosen to investigate the effect of insulation on the rate of energy loss from the water because it is more easily measured than the other factors. By increasing the thickness of insulation surrounding the water, I can measure the rate at which heat is lost from the water for different thicknesses and determine the relationship between the rate of heat loss and the thickness of insulation. To do this I will need to reduce the loss of heat by evaporation by sealing the top of the container. In this experiment heat will be conducted through the insulation and then radiate into the air. The amount of radiation will change because the surface temperature of the insulation will reduce as the insulation becomes thicker and the external surface area of the insulation increases due to the extra thickness around a circular cup. Experiment to investigate the effect of insulation on the rate of heat loss from a plastic cup of water Aim: To investigate the change in the rate of heat loss from a plastic cup by varying the thickness of insulation surrounding the cup and to see if there is a relationship between the rate of heat loss and the thickness of insulation. Apparatus Item Purpose Plastic cup To contain the water Thermometer To measure the temperature of the water Digital Timer To allow measurement of the temperature at regular intervals Kettle To heat the water Measuring cylinder To measure the quantity of water Expanded polystyrene sheet insulation used for lining walls under wallpaper. 2mm thick To wrap around the cup in layers to insulate it Cling film To seal the top of the cup from evaporation Sellotape To hold the insulation around the cup Clamp stand and cotton To suspend the thermometer in the water so that it does not touch the sides or bottom Foam mat 20mm thick To stand the cup on so that heat is not lost through the base Water Ruler To measure thickness of 10 layers of insulation to determine the average thickness. Preliminary experiment In order to determine the probable range of results it was necessary to carry out a preliminary experiment by filling the plastic cup with water and measuring how long it took to cool. The following information was found. 1. The quantity of water to fill the cup to leave only a small air space at the top. 2. The starting temperature of the water in the cup was found to be about 85à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C so it was decided to start reading the temperatures once the temperature had fallen to 80à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C 3. It as found that it took about 25 minutes for the temperature to fall to 60à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C with no insulation. With thick insulation it would take much longer so it was decided to monitor the temperature for 30 minutes to give a good range of results. 4. It was found that it would be sufficient to take readings at one minute intervals. Otherwise at high levels of insulation the variation in temperature would be very small. 5. It was found that it was possible to measure read the temperature on the thermometer to an accuracy of about 0.25 C. 6. The preliminary experiment confirmed that the set up of the apparatus was correct with the thermometer at the right level and easy to read and that using a digital clock it was possible to time the readings accurately. Prediction I would expect that the rate at which the water cools to reduce as the insulation becomes thicker. While insulation is supposed to stop heat loss it will still act as a conductor of heat. The amount of energy transferred through a conductor is proportional to the thermal gradient. By doubling the thickness of insulation the thermal gradient is halved. So I would expect the energy lost though the insulation to reduce to half. Insulation has a strength to prevent heat loss which is measured as its U value. The U value is measured as Watts per mà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ per à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C and is for a given thickness of insulation. Double the thickness and the U value will halve. Rate of heat loss = U value à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ surface area à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ temperature difference. So if the insulation doubles in thickness, the U value will halve and the rate heat loss will halve. Diagram Method Room temperature was taken using the thermometer which had been allowed to adjust to the room temperature and this was recorded. The apparatus was arranged so that a plastic cup stood on a layer of foam insulation with a thermometer suspended from a clamp stand so that the bulb of the thermometer would be hung in the middle of the water in the cup. For the first test no insulation was wrapped around the cup. For the later tests, layers of insulation were tightly wrapped around the cup using sellotape so that once the air was trapped between them none could escape. This was also done to the base of the cup. The kettle was boiled and 150mlà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of hot water was measured out using the measuring cylinder. This was then poured into the plastic cup. A piece of cling film was then stretched over the top of the cup to form a seal so that no evaporated water could escape. Square pieces of insulation (bigger than the cup) were placed on top of the cup. The number of squares depended on the number of layers of insulation being tested. A hole was pierced through the centre of the lid. A thermometer was then suspended using cotton and the clamp stand and then pushed through the hole so that the end hung in the centre of the cup. The lid was then taped down securely. When the temperature had fallen to 80 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, the stop clock was started and the temperature of the water was taken every minute for 30 minutes. The results were recorded. After the first test, the cup was emptied and two layers of insulation were fixed around the cup as described above. The test was then repeated for the two layers of insulation. Further tests were then carried out for 4, 6, 8 and 10 layers of insulation. All results were recorded. Room temperature was taken again at the end of the experiment to see if it had varied. The average thickness of the insulation was measured by measuring 10 layers and dividing the result. Fair test * The thermometer was suspended so that it did not touch the sides of the cup so that the reading was the temperature of the centre of the water. * Taking room temperature before and after the experiment to see if there had been any change which would affect the results of the experiment. * The same volume of water was used in each test. * The layers of insulation were fixed in the same way by the same person each time. * By repeating the test for a wide range of thicknesses of insulation anomalies would show up as the results are plotted. Safety * Safety glasses were worn to protect our eyes from splashes of hot water. * Gloves were worn to protect hands from the hot water * Laboratory coats were worn to help protect our bodies from the hot water. * We stood up so that if the water did spill we could move away quickly * The experiment was done under supervision. * The thermometer was suspended so that there was no risk of dropping it. * The apparatus was set up in a position where it could not easily be knocked over. Results Room temperature at start of experiment = 22.5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C Room temperature at end of experiment = 23.0à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C Table 1 Temperature change for varying thicknesses of insulation. Time in Minutes Temperature in à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C Layers 0 layers 2 layers 4 layers 6 layers 8 layers 10 layers 0 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 1 78.50 79.75 80.00 79.00 80.00 79.25 2 77.00 79.00 79.25 78.75 79.00 78.50 3 76.00 78.50 78.75 78.25 78.75 78.00 4 75.25 77.75 78.25 78.00 78.50 77.50 5 74.25 77.25 78.00 77.50 78.00 77.25 6 73.00 76.75 77.25 77.00 77.75 76.75 7 72.50 76.25 77.00 76.75 77.23 76.50 8 71.75 75.75 76.50 76.50 77.00 76.00 9 70.75 75.25 76.00 76.00 76.75 76.00 10 70.00 75.00 75.50 75.75 76.25 75.50 11 69.25 74.50 75.00 75.25 76.00 75.00 12 68.50 73.75 74.75 75.00 75.75 75.00 13 68.00 73.25 74.50 74.75 75.25 75.00 14 68.00 72.75 74.00 74.50 75.00 74.25 15 66.00 72.25 73.50 74.00 75.00 74.00 16 65.25 71.75 73.00 73.50 74.75 73.75 17 65.00 71.25 72.76 73.25 74.25 73.50 18 64.25 70.75 77.25 73.00 74.00 73.25 19 63.50 70.25 72.00 72.50 73.75 73.00 20 63.00 70.00 71.50 72.00 73.50 72.75 21 62.25 69.50 71.00 72.00 73.00 72.50 22 62.00 69.00 70.75 71.50 73.00 72.25 23 61.00 68.50 70.25 71.00 72.75 72.00 24 60.25 68.00 70.00 71.00 72.50 71.75 25 60.00 67.50 69.75 70.50 72.00 71.25 26 59.50 67.00 69.50 70.00 72.00 71.00 27 58.75 66.75 69.00 70.00 71.75 71.00 28 58.00 66.00 68.75 69.75 71.25 70.75 29 57.50 65.75 68.50 69.50 71.00 70.50 30 57.00 65.25 68.00 69.00 71.00 70.25 Energy loss after 30 minutes in Joules 14490 9292 7560 6930 5670 6142 Table 2 Temperature change at 10 minute intervals Time in Minutes Temperature in à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C Layers 0 layers 2 layers 4 layers 6 layers 8 layers 10 layers 10 10 5.00 4.5 4.25 3.75 4.5 20 17.00 10.00 18.50 8.00 6.5 7.25 30 23.00 14.75 12.00 11.00 9 9.75 Conclusion The results in Table 1 are shown graphically in Fig.1. Room temperature changed only slightly, so it will not have affected the results. From Fig 1 it is clear that the rate of heat loss from the water is reduced by increasing the amount of insulation. With no insulation the temperature fell by 23 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C in 30 minutes. With two layers this reduced to 14.75à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C in 30 minutes. Figure 1 shows that by adding more and more layers of insulation the reduction in energy reduces to a point where it changes very little and may even increase. Figure 1 also shows that the rate of loss of heat is almost a straight line but there is a slight curve. This is most clearly seen from the curve with no insulation. This is because; as the water cools the temperature differential between the water and room temperature reduces so the energy loss will reduce. The curves for the insulation are straighter because the change in temperature differential is less. Table 2 compares the reduction in temperature at 10, 20 and 30 minutes for the various thicknesses of insulation. Fig. 2 shows that the reduction in temperature reduces with the number of layers to a low point at about 8 layers and it rises again a little for 10 layers. This is not what I expected in my prediction. This is because of radiation. Insulation can be used to prevent heat loss however it does not prevent heat loss by radiation. Heat which does get through the insulation will be radiated away. The amount of radiation will depend upon the temperature differential between the outside surface of the insulation and room temperature. As the insulation gets thicker less heat passes through and the outside temperature is lower so the amount of radiation should reduce. However, with a circular cup, the surface area of the insulation increases so the amount of radiation also increased and this may be what is stopping the reduction in heat loss. The surface area without insulation is approximately 250 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. The surface area with insulation is 620 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ which is 2.48 times as much. The experiment suggests that there is an optimum thickness for the insulation Evaluation Accuracy Figure 1 shows the curves for the temperature readings. Some of the points do not fit on the smooth best fit curve which could be drawn through the points. This shows that there was an error in the readings for those points. However, the errors are not sufficient to affect the overall conclusions. Table 3 shows the temperature steps between each reading and Fig 3 shows the irregularities for three of the tests. With this experiment it is not possible to retake or double check readings because the temperature keeps changing. If money were no expense, it would be better to use an automatic measuring system where a computer records the readings at the exact interval rather than allowing for human response. A digital thermometer would be used to record the temperature because it could readings of 0.1 of a degree rather than 0.25. From the results in Fig 1, I can see that the time at which the clock is started at 80à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C is very critical because the temperature is only falling at about 1/2 a degree Celsius per minute. This could lead to an error of about 2 minutes. This could possibly explain the discrepancy between 8 and 10 layers. Further investigation I would like to investigate the effect of adding even more insulation to see if the rate of loss of energy increases due to the increase in surface area increasing the amount of radiation. I would do this because as you can see in Fig 2. The curve begins to slope up showing an increase in change of temperature. I would like to investigate this further and see if this trend continues with more layers of insulation. The experiment could also be repeated for different temperature ranges between the water and room temperature.